Punjab Board Class 12th Geography Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF here

UNIT –I

• Nature and Scope of Geography and its Branches
• Geographical thought; Brief definitions of Determinism, and Possibilism, radical and postmodern Geography. The contribution of A.V Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Paul Vidal De La Blache, and E.C Sample, and Branches of Geography

UNIT-II

Human Resources:

• Population: Distribution, Density and Growth, Age-sex ratio, Urbanisation, Literacy
• Determinants of population change, Geography of Indian Diaspora, Migration causes and consequences, Demographic transition theory
• Human development concept; selected indicators, international comparison, Punjab’s rank in national HDI
• Human settlements: Rural and Urban, Urbanisation in India and its impact. Distribution of Metropolitan cities, Mega cities. Growth centres and Growth poles, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

UNIT –III

Economic Geography

Primary Activities:

• Concepts and changing trends; Gathering; Pastoral, Mining, Subsistence agriculture, Modern trends in agriculture with special reference to Punjab, and Organic farming.
• Geographic distribution of major crops in India (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton Jute, Sugarcane)

Secondary Activities:

• Concepts, Manufacturing types (Household, Small scale, large scale, agro-based and mineral based industries) with special reference to Punjab. Distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese,) Non-Metallic, Conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas) Non conventional (Solar, Wind, Tidal) and Conservation of resources.
• Industries: Types, Distribution of selected industries; Iron and steel, Cotton textile, Sugar, Pharmaceutical, Petrochemical and knowledge-based industries. Industrial corridors, dedicated freight corridors.
• Tertiary activities; Quaternary, and Quinary activities.
• People engaged in tertiary industries. A case study from Punjab.

UNIT-IV

Transport, Communication and Trade.

• Land transport: Roads, (North South, East -West corridors, Golden quadrilateral and Diamond Quadrilateral) New Numbering scheme of National Highways.
• Railways: Trans -Continental railways. Luxury trains in India.
• Water transport. Inland, Major Ocean routes of the world.
• Air transport, oil and gas pipe lines (TAPI, HBJ, Indo Iranian Naharkatia-Nunmati Barauni Pipeline, Kandla-Bhatinda Pipeline, Gas pipelines-Jamnagar Srinagar L.P.G Pipeline, Dhabol-Kakinada pipeline.• International and National trade, Sea ports and their Hinterlands and Major airports)
• International trade bases and changing patterns. International organisations with reference to India. Role of WTO in International trade.

UNIT – V

• Geographical Perspectives on selected issues and problems. Environmental pollution; Land, Water, Air

• Geography of Superlatives in India and Punjab.