Punjab Board Class 12th Business Studies Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF here

Part – A Principles And Functions Of Management

Unit 1: Nature and Significance of Management

• Management - concept, objectives, and importance
• Management as Science, Art and Profession
• Levels of Management
• Management functions-planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling

Unit 2: Principles of Management

• Principles of Management- concept and significance
• Fayol’s principles of management
• Taylor’s Scientific management- principles and techniques

Unit 3: Business Environment

• Business Environment- concept and importance
• Dimensions of Business Environment- Economic, Social, Technological, Political and legal
• Demonetization - concept and features
• Impact of Government policy changes on business with special reference to liberalization, privatization and globalization in India

Unit 4: Planning

• Concept, importance and limitation
• Planning process
• Single use and standing plans. Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, method, Rules, budget and Programs

Unit 5: Organising

• Concept and importance
• Organising Process
• Structure of organisation- functional and divisional concept. Formal and informal organisation- concept
• Delegation: concept, elements and importance
• Centralisation – concept and features
• Decentralization: concept, features and importance

Unit 6: Staffing

• Concept and importance of staffing
• Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management - concept
• Staffing process
• Recruitment process
• Selection - process
• Training and Development - Concept and importance, Methods of training - on the job and off the job - vestibule training, apprenticeship training and internship training

Unit 7: Directing

• Concept and importance
• Elements of Directing
• Supervision: Concept and importance
• Motivation: concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Financial and non- financial incentives
• Leadership: concept, styles - authoritative, democratic and laissez faire
• Communication: concept, formal and informal communication; barriers to effective communication, how to overcome the barriers.

Unit 8: Controlling

• Controlling: Concept and importance
• Relationship between planning and controlling
• Steps in process of control

Unit 9- Coordination

• Coordination: Meaning, Nature and importance.

Part – B Business Finance & Marketing

Unit 10: Business Finance

• Financial decisions: investment, financing and dividend- Meaning and factors affecting financial decisions
• Financial Planning - concept and importance
• Capital Structure – concept and factors affecting capital structure
• Fixed and Working Capital - Concept and factors affecting their requirements

Unit 11: Financial Markets

• Financial Markets: Concept, Functions and types
• Money market and its instruments
• Capital market and its types (primary and secondary), methods of floatation in the primary market
• Stock Exchange: Functions and trading procedure
• Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) - Objectives and functions

Unit 12: Marketing

• Marketing: Concept, functions and philosophies
• Marketing Mix: Concept and elements
• Product: branding, labelling and packaging – Concept
• Price: Concept, Factors determining price
• Physical Distribution: concept, components and channels of distribution
• Promotion: Concept and elements; Advertising, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion and Public Relations

Unit 13: Consumer Protection

• Concept and importance of consumer protection
• Consumer Protection Act 2019, Meaning of consumer
• Rights and responsibilities of consumers
• Who can file a complaint?
• Redressal machinery
• Remedies available
• Consumer awareness - Role of consumer organizations and Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs)