The Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Shiksha Parishad (UPMSP) has released the UP Board 12th Syllabus 2025-26 for Biology on its official website, upmsp.edu.in, in PDF format. Students can download the syllabus to efficiently prepare for their upcoming board examinations.
UP 12th Biology Syllabus 2025-26 PDF Download: Direct Link
Click here to download UP 12th Biology Syllabus 2025-26 PDF
UP Board Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26: Course Structure
For the academic session 2025-26, the state board has decided to retain the 30% reduction in the UPMSP 12th Biology syllabus. Therefore, the UP Board 12th Biology exam 2026 will be conducted with a 70% reduced syllabus.
The UPMSP Class 12 Biology Exam 2026 will be held for 3 hours and carries a total of 100 marks. This includes a theory paper for 70 marks and a practical paper for 30 marks. To pass the Biology exam, students must secure a minimum of 33% marks. A combined score from both theory and practical exams is required to determine the final grade.
| Unit | Topics | Marks |
| 1 | Reproduction | 14 |
| 2 | Genetics and Evolution | 18 |
| 3 | Biology and Human Welfare | 14 |
| 4 | Biotechnology and Applications | 10 |
| 5 | Ecology and Environment | 14 |
| Total | 70 |
Note: Unit 2, Genetics and Evolution, carries the maximum weightage of 18 marks.
UP Board Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26: Unit-wise Breakdown
| Unit | Chapter | Topics Covered |
| Unit I: Reproduction (14 Marks) | Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants | Flower structure, development of male and female gametophytes, types of pollination, agents and examples. Outbreeding devices, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization, post-fertilization events: development of endosperm and embryo, seed and fruit formation. Special modes: apomixis (asexual reproduction), parthenocarpy, polyembryony, and significance. |
| Chapter 2: Human Reproduction | Male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary. Gametogenesis: spermatogenesis and oogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation. Embryo development (till blastocyst), pregnancy, placenta (general idea), parturition and lactation (intro). | |
| Chapter 3: Reproductive Health | Need for reproductive health, prevention of STDs. Family planning, contraception, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP). Amniocentesis, infertility, assisted reproductive technologies: IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary knowledge). | |
| Unit II: Genetics and Evolution (18 Marks) | Chapter 4: Heredity and Diversity | Mendelian inheritance, deviation from ratios: incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, blood groups. Pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance, chromosome theory of inheritance. Sex determination in humans, birds, honeybees; linkage, crossing over, sex-linked inheritance: hemophilia, color blindness. Mendelian disorders: thalassemia; chromosomal disorders: Down syndrome, Turner's, Klinefelter's syndromes. |
| Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance | DNA as genetic material, DNA and RNA structure, packaging, replication, central dogma. Transcription, genetic code, translation, gene expression regulation, Lac Operon. Human Genome Project, DNA fingerprinting. | |
| Chapter 6: Evolution | Origin of life, biological evolution, evidences. Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory. Evolution mechanisms: mutation, recombination, natural selection, types of selection, gene flow, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle, adaptive radiation, human evolution. | |
| Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare (14 Marks) | Chapter 7: Human Health and Diseases | Human diseases (Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Common Cold, Pneumonia, Amoebiasis, Ringworm) and prevention. Immunology basics, vaccines, cancer, HIV/AIDS, adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse. |
| Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare | Microbes in food processing, industry, sewage, energy. Microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. | |
| Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications (10 Marks) | Chapter 9: Biotechnology Principles & Processes | Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). |
| Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Application | Biotech in health/agriculture, insulin, vaccines, gene therapy. GMOs: BT crops, transgenic animals. Biosafety, biopiracy, patents. | |
| Unit V: Ecology and Environment (14 Marks) | Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations | Habitat, niche, population, adaptations. Population interactions: mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism. Attributes: growth, birth/death rates, age distribution. |
| Chapter 12: Ecosystem | Components, productivity, decomposition, energy flow. Pyramids: number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon, phosphorus). Ecological succession, ecosystem services: carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release. | |
| Chapter 13: Biodiversity and its Conservation | Biodiversity concepts, patterns, importance. Conservation: hotspots, endangered species, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries. |
UP Board Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2025-26
The UPMSP 12th Biology practical exam is for 30 marks and includes both an external and an internal evaluation. To pass the practical exam, students need a minimum of 10 marks out of 30.
External Evaluation (15 Marks)
| S. No. | Specifications | Marks |
| 1 | Qualitative Analysis (Simple Salts) | 4 |
| 2 | Volumetric Analysis (Simple Titration) | 4 |
| 3 | Subject-Based Experiment | 3 |
| 4 | Viva | 4 |
| Total | 15 |
Internal Evaluation (15 Marks)
| S. No. | Specifications | Marks |
| 1 | Project and Viva | 8 |
| 2 | Class/Practical Record | 4 |
| 3 | Subject-Based Experiment | 3 |
| Total | 15 |
Combined Practical Marks Distribution
| Examiner | Activity | Marks |
| External Examiner | Slide Preparation | 5 |
| Spotting | 6 | |
| Sessional Work Collection & Viva-voce | 4 | |
| Internal Examiner | One long experiment (Exp. No. 1, 4, 5, 6) | 5 |
| One short experiment (Exp. No. 2, 3) | 4 | |
| Project Work + Viva-voce | 6 | |
| Total | 30 |
UP Class 12 Biology Practical Syllabus 2026: List of Practical Experiments
Experiments to be Performed
- Study of pollen germination on a slide.
- Collecting soil from at least two locations to study soil texture, moisture content, water holding capacity, and its correlation with plants found there.
- Collecting water from two different water bodies to study pH, clarity, and the presence of living organisms.
- Preparation of a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
- Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH levels on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
- Isolation of DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green peas, or papaya.
Spotting (Observation/Study)
- Study of adaptations in flowers for pollination by various agencies (wind, insects, birds).
- Study of different stages of gamete development (T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary) through permanent slides (of any mammal).
- Study of meiosis in onion bud cells or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
- Study of T.S. of mammalian blastula through permanent slides.
- Study of genetic traits (e.g., tongue rolling, blood groups, widow's peak, colorblindness) using prepared pedigree charts.
- Identification of common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and Ringworm using permanent slides or models.
- Comment on the symptoms of diseases caused by them.
- Comment on morphological adaptations of two plants and two animals found in xeric conditions.
- Study of two plants and two animals found in aquatic conditions and comment on their morphological adaptations.
UP 12th Biology Syllabus 2025-26: Deleted Topics
| Unit | Chapter | Deleted Topics |
| Unit 1: Reproduction | Reproduction in Organisms | - Reproduction as a major feature of organisms for continuity of species - Methods of reproduction – asexual and sexual - Asexual reproduction: binary fission, sporulation, bud formation, vegetative propagation in plants, gemmule formation, fragmentation, regeneration |
| Unit 2: Genetics and Evolution | Evolution | - Origin of life - Biological evolution and evidence: paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryological, molecular - Darwin's contribution, Modern Synthetic Theory - Mechanism of evolution: mutation, recombination, natural selection - Types of natural selection - Gene flow and genetic drift - Hardy-Weinberg principle - Adaptive radiation, human evolution |
| Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare | Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production | - Improvement in food production - Plant breeding - Tissue culture - Single-cell protein - Biofortification - Apiculture (beekeeping) - Animal husbandry |
| Unit 5: Ecology and Environment | Ecosystem | - Structure (form) and components - Productivity and decomposition - Energy flow - Ecological pyramids: number, biomass, energy - Nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorus) - Ecological succession - Ecosystem services: carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release |
| Environmental Issues | - Air pollution and control - Water pollution and control - Agricultural chemicals and their effects - Solid waste management - Radioactive waste management - Greenhouse effect and global warming - Ozone depletion - Deforestation - Case studies on environmental problems (any three) |
Practicals Removed from UP Board Class 12 Biology 2025–26
| Category | Name of Practical |
| List of Experiments | - Study of the presence of suspended particulate matter in the air of two widely different sites - Study of plant population density by quadrat method - Study of plant population frequency by quadrat method |
| Study/Observation (Spotting) | - Study of pollen germination on stigma with a permanent slide - Study of Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colors and sizes - Practice of controlled pollination: emasculation, tagging, and bagging |
How to Download UP Board Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26
Students can download the UP Board class 12 Biology syllabus PDF from the official website of the UP Board by following these simple steps:
- Step 1: Open the official website of the UP Board, at upmsp.edu.in.
- Step 2: On the homepage, you will find the "पाठ्यक्रम 2025-26" option on the left side.
- Step 3: Click on the option, and a new window will open on your screen that will display the syllabus of different classes and subjects.
- Step 4: Select "Class 12" and the subject "Biology" and click on the download button.
- Step 5: Download and save the UP Board 12th Biology syllabus 2025-26 pdf.
UP Board Class 12 Biology Reference Books
| S. No. | Book Title |
| 1 | NCERT Biology Class 12 |
| 2 | Dinesh Objective Biology |
| 3 | Pradeep’s A Text Book of Biology |
| 4 | Trueman’s Elementary Biology Vol 1 |
This complete article outlines the official syllabus, unit-wise topics, deleted portions, practicals, and reference material for UP Board Class 12 Biology 2025–26. Students are advised to focus on the remaining chapters and practice thoroughly for both theory and practical exams.
