Nagaland Board Class 12th Physics Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF Below

Unit

Title

Detailed Content Description

Marks

Unit I

Electrostatics

This unit deals with the study of stationary electric charges and their interactions. Topics include: Electric charges and their basic properties, charging by conduction/induction, Coulomb’s law and its applications. The concept of the electric field and electric field lines; Electric dipole and dipole moment; Gauss’s theorem – derivation and simple applications such as field due to infinite sheet, long wire and spherical shell. Potential difference and electric potential, relation between field and potential, potential due to point charges and dipoles. Capacitance – definition, parallel plate capacitor, combination of capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor, effect of dielectric.

10

Unit II

Current Electricity

This unit explains the flow of charges in conductors. Topics include: Electric current, drift of electrons, mobility, current density, Ohm’s law as a macroscopic relationship, limitations of Ohm’s law. Resistivity and conductivity, variation of resistance with temperature, resistors in series and parallel. Internal resistance of cells, emf and potential difference, combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s rules with numerical applications, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, and concept of potentiometer with applications in comparing emf and determining internal resistance.

5

Unit III

Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

This unit covers the interaction of moving charges and currents with magnetic fields. Topics include: Biot–Savart law and its applications, magnetic field due to a straight conductor, circular loop and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field (Lorentz force), force between two current-carrying wires and definition of ampere. Ampere’s law with simple applications. Cyclotron principle and working. Magnetic dipole and its moment, torque on a magnetic dipole in uniform magnetic field. Properties of dia-, para- and ferro-magnetic materials. Earth’s magnetic field – elements and measurement.

8

Unit IV

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

This unit explains how varying magnetic fields induce current and emf. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law, motional emf, and eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating current (AC) – definition, amplitude, frequency, phase. AC through resistor, inductor and capacitor. AC circuits (LC and LCR circuits), impedance, resonance, power in AC, power factor. Transformers, principle and energy losses.

10

Unit V

Electromagnetic Waves

This short but important unit connects electricity and magnetism. Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations (elementary idea). Nature of electromagnetic (EM) waves, transverse nature, speed of EM waves. Electromagnetic spectrum: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays – their sources and applications in everyday life.

3

Unit VI

Optics

This is one of the largest scoring units. It has two parts:• Ray Optics: Reflection and refraction of light, laws of refraction, refractive index, total internal reflection and its applications (e.g. in optical fibres). Lens maker’s formula, power of a lens, combination of lenses. Optical instruments – microscope and astronomical telescope.• Wave Optics: Huygens’ principle, interference of light (Young’s double slit experiment), conditions for constructive and destructive interference. Diffraction of light – single slit diffraction. Polarisation by scattering and polaroids.

12

Unit VII

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

This unit introduces the wave-particle duality of matter and light. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations, Einstein’s photoelectric equation and its experimental verification. Nature of light as both wave and particle. de Broglie hypothesis – matter waves, de Broglie wavelength, Davisson and Germer experiment confirming wave nature of electrons.

4

Unit VIII

Atoms and Nuclei

Structure of atom, Rutherford’s scattering experiment, Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, derivation of energy levels and spectral series. Limitations of Bohr’s model. Nucleus – composition, size, mass and density. Radioactivity – alpha, beta, gamma decay and their properties. Mass–energy relation, mass defect, nuclear binding energy, curve of binding energy, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Applications and significance of nuclear reactions.

7

Unit IX

Electronic Devices

This unit deals with semiconductors and their uses. Energy bands in solids – conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, pn-junction diode – characteristics, diode as rectifier. Zener diode and its application in voltage regulation. Transistors (basic introduction), logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR) and simple truth tables.

7

Unit X

Communication Systems

Elements of a communication system – transmitter, channel and receiver. Need for modulation. Types of modulation – amplitude modulation (basic idea only). Bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves: ground wave, sky wave, space wave. Basic concepts of frequency modulation, applications in radio, television and satellite communication.

4

Total

—

Full syllabus content across 10 units

70 Marks (Theory)