Nagaland Board Class 12th Chemistry Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF Below

Unit No.

Unit Name

Expanded Description of Topics

Marks

I

Solutions

This unit focuses on different types of solutions such as solid in liquid, liquid in liquid, and gas in liquid. Students study methods of expressing concentration like molarity, molality, mole fraction, and percentage. Important colligative properties such as relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure are explained in detail. The concept of abnormal molecular mass and the role of the van't Hoff factor are also included. Applications of colligative properties in determining molecular masses of solutes are discussed.

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II

Electrochemistry

Deals with electrochemical cells and the role of redox reactions in generating electricity. The unit explains galvanic cells, the concept of standard electrode potential, the Nernst equation and its applications, and electrochemical series. Students also learn about electrolytic cells, electrolysis, conductance of electrolytes (molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law), and practical uses like batteries and fuel cells. The difference between primary and secondary cells is also highlighted.

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III

Chemical Kinetics

This section deals with the speed of chemical reactions. It includes the concept of rate of reaction, instantaneous and average rate, and factors affecting the rate of reaction such as concentration, temperature, catalyst, and surface area. The difference between order and molecularity of a reaction is explained, along with integrated rate equations for zero and first order reactions. The Arrhenius equation, its significance, and graphical representation are included.

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IV

d- and f-Block Elements

This unit covers the transition elements of the d-block (from groups 3 to 12) and f-block elements (lanthanoids and actinoids). It explains general properties such as variable oxidation states, formation of coloured ions, catalytic properties, and magnetic behaviour. The inner transition elements are studied with emphasis on their electronic configuration, similarities, and differences. Uses of important compounds of transition metals are also discussed.

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V

Coordination Compounds

In this unit, students learn about ligands, coordination number, central atom/ion, and types of coordination compounds. Isomerism in coordination compounds (structural and stereoisomerism) is discussed in detail. Theories of bonding like Werner’s theory, Valence Bond Theory (VBT), and an introduction to Crystal Field Theory (CFT) are included. The biological and industrial importance of coordination compounds is also explained.

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VI

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

This section introduces haloalkanes (alkyl halides) and haloarenes (aryl halides). The classification, nomenclature, and physical properties are covered. Preparation methods such as halogenation, halogen exchange, and from alcohols are discussed. Chemical reactions include substitution, elimination, and nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2). The importance of these compounds in pharmaceuticals and the environment, including the effect of CFCs, is also discussed.

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VII

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Students study nomenclature, structure, and properties of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. Preparation of alcohols by fermentation and industrial methods is included. Reactions such as oxidation, dehydration, esterification, and substitution are studied. For phenols, acidity and special reactions like Kolbe’s reaction and Reimer–Tiemann reaction are covered. Ethers’ preparation and reactions are explained briefly. Applications in everyday life and industries are also discussed.

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VIII

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

This unit focuses on carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids. It includes nomenclature, structure, and properties. Preparation methods such as oxidation of alcohols and ozonolysis are included. Reactions like nucleophilic addition, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, and haloform reaction are explained. Carboxylic acids’ acidity, reactions like esterification, decarboxylation, and substitution are also discussed.

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IX

Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen

This unit focuses on amines, cyanides, isocyanides, and diazonium salts. Their nomenclature, structure, methods of preparation, and physical/chemical properties are included. The basic character of amines and their comparison with ammonia is explained. Diazotization reactions and coupling reactions are studied in detail. Importance of amines in making drugs, dyes, and polymers is discussed.

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X

Biomolecules

This unit deals with macromolecules essential to life. Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides), proteins (structure, classification, denaturation), and lipids are explained in detail. The role of enzymes, their mechanism of action, and factors affecting enzyme activity are included. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), their structure, and functions are also covered. The role of biomolecules in metabolism and heredity is highlighted.

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